Credit unions generally have shied away from using derivatives to hedge their exposure to fluctuating interest rates. New accounting guidance from the Financial Accounting Standards Board could make some of them reconsider their position.
Until now, most credit unions have found hedge accounting too daunting to pursue a derivative-based hedging strategy. The FASB’s Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities,” simplifies hedge accounting and introduces a new mechanism for hedging pools of fixed-rate financial assets that should prove particularly appealing to credit unions.
The standard is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after Dec. 15, 2018, and interim periods therein. For other entities, it takes effect for fiscal years one year later and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after Dec. 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted.
Hedge documentation and assessing hedge effectiveness
The so-called shortcut method long has been one of the accounting rules that failed to live up to its potential. Previously, a failed shortcut method hedge was evaluated as if hedge accounting was never applied, which could result in a restatement – even if the hedge would have qualified under another method.ASU 2017-12 mitigates the risk of restatement by allowing entities using the shortcut method to include in their original hedge documentation a “long-haul” method (such as regression analysis) for assessing hedge effectiveness, which would be applied if it were later found that the shortcut method should not have been applied or is no longer appropriate. As long as the hedge would be considered “highly effective” at offsetting the changes in fair value or cash flow of the hedged risk using the specified long-haul method, credit unions no longer will face the burden of potential restatement.
The ASU also simplifies quarterly effectiveness assessments for long-haul method hedges. Historically, entities frequently were required to perform regression analysis every quarter for the life of a hedge, even if the hedge was designed to be highly effective. The new ASU permits a credit union to instead elect to perform subsequent quarterly assessments using only qualitative methods if, at inception, it can “reasonably support” an expectation of high effectiveness.
Entities that elect to use a qualitative method for assessing hedge effectiveness will still be required to perform a quantitative assessment (for example, a regression analysis) at hedge inception. However, the ongoing quarterly assessments would be performed qualitatively. This would involve validating and documenting that the terms and conditions of the hedged transaction and hedging derivative have not changed. As a result, if credit unions design accounting hedges appropriately, they might be able to avoid the need for ongoing regression analysis.
Fair value hedges and last-of-layer technique
Existing accounting standards functionally require matching the life of the hedged instrument and the hedging derivative. Not matching these terms is a source of ineffectiveness and frequently would prevent hedging accounting. For example, if the hedged instrument had a 10-year term, the hedge generally required a 10-year derivative.
ASU 2017-12 removes that burden. It permits a credit union to, for example, hedge a 10-year fixed-rate instrument for two years using a two-year interest rate swap, without the difference in duration causing ineffectiveness that could jeopardize the use of hedge accounting.
The new guidance also changes how an entity may measure the change in the hedged item’s fair value attributable to changes in a benchmark interest rate (for instance, LIBOR). Previously, the change in fair value of the hedged item was computed based on all the cash flows of the instrument’s coupon. Because the coupon inherently includes a credit risk component that does not exist in the hedging derivative, ineffectiveness is present even when all critical terms of the hedge might otherwise match. The ASU now permits credit unions to compute the change in the hedged item’s fair value based solely on the benchmark interest rate component of the coupon – that is, exclusive of the credit spread. An entity’s ability to measure changes in the hedged item’s fair value based solely on the benchmark rate component of the coupon will result in fair value hedges being more effective.
The changes to the standard that permit partial-term hedging and the measurement of the hedged item using only the benchmark component cash flows pave the way for another change that credit unions with fixed-rate loan portfolios might find particularly attractive in rising interest rate environments – the creation of the last-of-layer technique for hedging pools of prepayable fixed-rate financial assets.
In the past, hedging a pool of long-term fixed-rate loans generally was not possible. However, under the new standard, a credit union can use the last-of-layer technique to hedge only the last layer of a closed portfolio of prepayable fixed-rate financial assets up to an amount not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults, or other events that affect the timing of cash flows.
Under this technique, prepayment risk is not considered in the measurement of the hedged item; however, the credit union would be required to document at inception and each subsequent quarter its expectation that the hedged portion of the assets will remain outstanding for the life of the hedge.
For example, if a credit union were to designate a $100 million last-of-layer hedge, it would need to assemble only a pool of loans and securities large enough to result in at least $100 million on the last day of the hedge term after prepayments, defaults, or other such events.
Source: Crowe analysis
While a last-of-layer hedge cannot use the shortcut method, assessing effectiveness using a long-haul method is simpler than it seems. Rather than measuring the change in fair value of the entire hedged pool (which likely contains mixed maturity dates and rates), the change in fair value of the hedged last-of-layer pool can be measured as if it were one hypothetical instrument, with the balance and maturity date corresponding to the hedge designation and the single coupon set equal to the designated benchmark interest rate. While a quantitative effectiveness assessment is still required at inception, in normal circumstances, last-of-layer hedges will be able to use a qualitative method to assess effectiveness in subsequent quarters.
Hedging deposits still has its challenges; however, the last-of-layer hedge discussed earlier illustrates that credit unions can now easily hedge fixed-rate loans with a pay-fixed/receive-floating swap to economically convert them to variable rate loans.
As an added bonus, the ASU also permits held-to-maturity (HTM) securities eligible to be hedged using the last-of-layer method to be transferred into the available-for-sale (AFS) category without tainting current or future HTM classification. It isn’t necessary to intend to enter into a hedge – the security simply needs to be eligible for transfer (that is, fixed-rate and prepayable). Any unrealized gain or loss existing at the time of transfer is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income.
The NCUA rules
Of course, it is not just a matter of deciding to use derivatives – federal credit unions first must receive approval from the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA). The NCUA also limits a federal credit union’s total derivative exposure. (Federally-insured, state-chartered credit unions can engage in derivatives under a state parity provision or through permission from the applicable state supervisory authority.)
Credit unions generally must have at least $250 million in assets and a composite capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings and liquidity/asset liability management (CAMEL) rating of 1, 2, or 3. Those with assets of less than $250 million may request permission from the appropriate NCUA field director.
Approved credit unions have limited authority to enter simple interest rate derivatives for balance sheet management and risk reduction, including interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, interest rate floors, basis swaps, and treasury futures.
Under NCUA rules, credit unions can use only derivatives denominated in U.S. dollars and with a maximum term of 15 years.
Approved credit unions also must have senior executive officers deliver a comprehensive derivatives report to the board of directors on a quarterly basis, and have staff deliver a comprehensive derivatives report to senior executive officers and, if applicable, the asset liability committee, on a monthly basis. The reports must include:
- Any areas of noncompliance with the NCUA rules or credit union policies
- Use of limits
- Itemization of the credit union’s individual positions and aggregate current fair values, as well as a comparison with its fair value loss and notional limit authority
- A comprehensive view of the credit union’s statement of financial condition, including net economic value calculations with derivatives included and excluded
- An evaluation of the effectiveness of the derivatives transactions in mitigating the interest rate risk
- An evaluation of the effectiveness of the hedge relationship and reporting for derivatives that comply with U.S. GAAP
For the first two years of a derivatives program, a credit union must obtain an independent review of the program. The review should assess how the internal controls have been integrated into existing procedures and reports, or how new procedures and reports have been developed.
In addition, credit unions using derivatives must provide board members with annual training that conveys a general understanding of derivatives and the knowledge necessary to exercise strategic oversight of such programs. And they must obtain an annual financial statement audit.
The new ASU has greatly simplified hedge accounting. Credit unions might well find the hurdles that have traditionally kept them from reducing their risk exposure with derivatives have been knocked down.
Originally published on Jan. 4, 2019, in Credit Union Times
